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affects nearly 40% of dogs and 90% of cats over 12 years old. But how do they show pain?

Identifying when behavioral shifts are the first or only clinical signs of underlying medical conditions, such as tumors, neurological issues, or chronic pain. Clinical Applications affects nearly 40% of dogs and 90% of cats over 12 years old

Behavioral knowledge is no longer a niche specialty but a foundational tool for general veterinary diagnostics and patient management. Diagnostic Indicators such as tumors